In
his Corinthian correspondence, Paul addresses at length the free participation
of worshippers in offering expressions of verbal spiritual gifts. While he
mentions in passing a short list of possibilities (“a hymn, a word of
instruction, a revelation, a tongue or an interpretation”, cf. 1 Co. 14:26),
his larger discussion focuses upon the gifts of tongues-speaking, the
interpretation of tongues-speaking and prophecy. Whether or not such free
offerings were typical or atypical of 1st century churches is not
immediately clear, since such expressions are not described in any of his other
letters. However, there are indications by Luke that such expressions may have
been more widespread than generally acknowledged (cf. Ac. 10:44-46; 11:27-28;
19:6; 20:23; 21:10-11). This subject, of course, has been a lightning rod since the birth of
Pentecostalism more than a century ago. Pentecostals and charismatics, working
against a perceived formalism in the traditional churches, tend to argue that
such expressions were normal and should be regularly expected in public
worship. Non-Pentecostals and non-charismatics, reacting against what they
perceive to be extremism, tend to argue that such expressions were more
exceptional. While the outcome of this debate will probably never be settled, among the Corinthians, the gift of tongues-speaking seems to have been
elevated as the supreme gift, and Paul is at some pains to show that it is only
one among a number of spiritual gifts, not better than the others (1 Co.
12:4-31). Further, he points out that in public worship tongues-speaking
requires special guidelines, since it is a gift that may not immediately be
understood by the listeners (1 Co. 14:1-5). His guidelines proceed from the
basic premise that what is unintelligible can hardly be edifying to the church
(1 Co. 14:6-12, 14-19). Hence, any public use of tongues must be accompanied by
an interpretation for the edification of the assembly (1 Co. 14:13, 27);
otherwise, the one so gifted is required to remain silent in public. Further,
there are limits for such expressions in a given worship service, “two—or at
the most three” (1 Co. 14:27, 29). Also, under the rubric that things should be
done “in a fitting and orderly way” (1 Co. 14:32-33, 40), Paul does not allow
two people to be speaking at the same time, whether in intelligible or
unintelligible language (1 Co. 14:27, 30). Speakers must be “one at a time” and
“in turn”. The basic rule that there should be no more than one person speaking
at a time extends even to those who are not speaking in tongues, since Paul
forbids women to interrupt the service of worship by calling out to their
husbands (1 Co. 14:34-35). Presumably, this basic approach also would apply to
any other verbal expressions in the worship service other than those parts that
may have been spoken collectively in unison (i.e., the Amen, etc.).
If
the evidence of the New Testament letters is any indication, then the apostolic
church was a preaching, teaching, believing and confessing community, that is
to say, its very center was the content of its faith. It is likely that the
reference to Timothy’s “good confession in the presence of many witnesses”
refers to his confession of faith at the time of his baptism (1 Ti. 6:12), and
Paul’s reference to the Corinthians’ confession of the gospel may be analogous
(2 Co. 9:13). The documents of the New Testament are filled with such
confessions. Typical in this regard is the introductory clause of 1 Timothy
3:16, “And by common confession great is the mystery of godliness…” (NASB).
Many such confessions are short:
Jesus is Lord! (1 Co. 12:3; Romans 10:9)
There is but one God, the Father, from whom all things came and for whom
we live; and there is but one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom all things came
and through whom we live. (1 Co. 8:6).
Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, he was buried,
[and] he was raised on the third day, according to the Scriptures… (1 Co. 15:3-4)
While we were still sinners, Christ died for us. (Ro. 5:8b)
Such confessions
define what it meant to be Christian, for as Paul said, “This is what we
preach, and this is what you believed” (1 Co. 15:11). Peter spoke for them all
when he declared the unique and exclusive Christian message: Salvation is found in no one else, for there
is no other name under heaven given to men by which we must be saved (Ac.
4:12). The “truth of the gospel” was a standard consciously upheld and
protected (Ro. 16:17; Ga. 1:8-9; 2:14; 1 Th. 2:13). Those who departed from
this standard were sharply rebuked (2 Co. 11:3-4; Ga. 1:6-7; 1 Ti. 6:3-5), and
those who touted another message were cut off (1 Co. 5:3-5; 2 Th. 3:6; 1 Ti.
1:19-20; 2 Jn. 9-11).
This is not to say,
of course, that there was no diversity among Christians. Rather, it is to say
that the early Christians had a core of faith, they knew what it was, and they
refused to allow it to be altered. Some Christians were Torah observant, while
other Christians were not—and this diversity was permitted. Liberty was granted
over various scruples concerning diet and the observance of holy days (Ro. 14).
Paul could say that he “became all things to all men”, whether they were Jews
under the Torah or others not under Torah (1 Co. 9:19-23), but these areas were
never the core. The core itself, on the other hand, had to remain intact, and
there was a sacred duty to preserve it without change. It was the “pattern of
sound teaching” (2 Ti. 1:13), “the faith that was once for all entrusted to the
saints” (Jude 3). It was what was “received” and “passed on” (1 Co. 11:23;
15:1, 3; 2 Th. 2:15).
How was this core
passed on? Primarily through the public reading of Scripture and through
preaching, forms that passed from the synagogue into the churches.
Devote yourself to the public reading of Scripture, to preaching and to
teaching. (1 Ti. 4:13)
The elders who direct the affairs of the church are worthy of double
honor, especially those whose work is preaching and teaching. (1 Ti. 5:17)
After this letter has been read to you, see that it is also read in the
church of the Laodiceans and that you in turn read the letter from Laodecia. (Col. 4:16)
I charge you before the Lord to have this letter read to all the
brothers. (1 Th. 5:27)
Blessed is the one who reads aloud the words of this prophecy, and
blessed are those who hear, and who keep what is written in it… (Rv. 1:3, ESV)
Preaching could take the form of evangelism,
where people were called to repent and believe the good news (Ac. 2:38; 3:19;
5:21, 42; 13:1; 1 Ti. 3:2). It could take the form of prophecy, that is, words
for “strengthening, encouragement and comfort” (1 Co. 14:3). It could take the
form of teaching, which doubtless included exposition, instruction and
exhortation (Ac. 2:42; 18:11; 20:7, 11; Col. 1:28; 1 Ti. 4:13; 2 Ti. 3:16; Tit.
2:7-8). Behind apostles and prophets, teachers are ranked as the third most
important leadership gift in the church (1 Co. 12:28).
Finally,
there is the collection of freewill gifts. While the Jewish system provided for
a tithing structure to support the temple, the Levites and priests, and various
charitable concerns, Christians had no such structure. Still, they were
concerned to be stewards of their God-given resources. On more than one
occasion, Christians helped support Paul in his missionary endeavors (Phil.
4:15-16), and other church leaders were supported as well (1 Co. 9:5-12a). Paul
was not averse to tactfully asking for such support (Ro. 15:24, 28-29). Beyond
this, relief efforts, especially during times of economic distress, were
undertaken by Christians to help each other (Ac. 11:27-30). Paul urged his
constituent churches to participate in such relief work (Ro. 15:25-27; Ac.
24:17; Ga. 2:10; 2 Co. 8-9). His advice to the Corinthians was probably typical
in this regard:
Now about the collection for God’s people: Do what I told the Galatian
churches to do. On the first day of every week, each of you should set aside a
sum of money in keeping with his income, saving it up, so that when I come no
collections will have to be made. Then, when I arrive, I will give letters of
introduction to the men you approve and send them with your gift to Jerusalem. (1 Co. 16:1-3)
Obviously, Paul could assume that the
Corinthian Christians would be meeting together on Sunday, and during their
worship service, a collection of funds would be made. His ethic was that
Christians with means should be “generous and willing to share” (1 Ti. 6:18;
Ga. 6:10).
In
summary, the central elements of Christian worship that come to us from the New
Testament are these: the sacraments of baptism and Eucharist; public reading of
Scripture, teaching and preaching; hymn-singing; communal prayer; opportunity
for free expression of spiritual gifts; liturgical elements like the
Thanksgiving, the Amen, the Maranatha, doxologies and blessings; the confession
of faith; the collection of offerings. What did a 1st century
worship service look like and how was it ordered? With no biblical description,
it would be presumptuous to attempt precision or to assume that Christian
worship in Italy, Greece, Asia Minor and Palestine was identical. Nonetheless,
the above elements seem to be widely attested.
Another Question: The Creedal Quality of Early Christian Confessions
ReplyDeleteYour presentation on the early Christian confession statements - many embedded in the scriptural witness itself - is very helpful. But in addition to these uniting statements, the NT also describes a variety of Christian expressions arising from the Christianity's missionary success, rapidly advancing from its Palestinian Jewish home, following the Roman roads and the forerunners of the Jewish diaspora into the Roman Gentile world.
My question is: Was there a basic unity that bound all Christians together despite the obvious diversity in the first century Christian church? Do these early confessional statements have a "creedal quality" that defined the uncompromised core of Christian belief? Did "the faith once delivered to the saints" have - in some sense - a propositional, doctrinal basis? Was the unity of early Christianity rooted in common worship forms (liturgy) or common leadership or common statements of belief or maybe in all of the above? Or was there any such unity at all?
My belief is that there was a basic unity that bound these early Christians together and became the defining element in what constituted a Christian woman or man. This is not to say that there was some sort of monolithic agreement. Unity is not uniformity. Still, in the midst of Jewish Christians who were more overtly Torah observant and Gentile Christians who generally were not, there was a core of beliefs that bound them to each other. This core, as is to be expected, concerned their confessions about Jesus of Nazareth. Perhaps no shorter explanation of these two sides can be found than the one propounded by Paul, when he said, “Remember Jesus Christ, raised from the dead, descended from David. This is my gospel…” (2 Ti. 2:8, and I concur with Luke Johnson that 2 Timothy should be credited to Paul).
DeleteI would suggest that these early statements do have creedal quality without necessarily conforming to the exact wording of the later creeds, and yes, this is to some degree propositional. I hesitate to use the word propositional, since I very much doubt that early Christianity can be confined to merely a set of propositions. Still, there was a real sense in which all the early Christians believed that God had acted decisively in the person of Jesus, and what one believed about him mattered. This seems to be the burden of John’s letters, in particular, where he moves through a cycle of defining true Christianity both in terms of how one lives (love and moral concerns) and how one believes (what one confesses).
With respect to their liturgy, their leadership and their confessions, it seems to me that all these worked together to form a Christian core. While it comes much later in church history and probably should be qualified to some degree, I still think the statement of Vincent of Lerins is valuable when he describes “what has been believed always, everywhere and by all”. So long as this refers to the central core, and not to the multitude of peripheral issues, it is a good statement in my view.
Another Question: Origins of Christian Freewill Giving
ReplyDeleteThe precedent of Christian freewill giving lies in Jewish almsgiving to provide for the needs of the poor and powerless rather than in the structured obligations of tithing to support a professional ministerial class.
In fact, there were considerably diverse attitudes toward the financial support of leaders found in different early Christian documents. Paul seems to take a practical path arguing that the "laborer is worthy of his hire", but in the next breath stating a general principle that those who do not work should not eat. But the later Didache offers a negative assessment of leaders - especially itinerant apostles and prophets - who expect (or seek) financial support.
My question is: Was there a standard for supporting Christian workers in the earliest church? Or did the practice vary from place-to-place and leader-to-leader? Did the necessity of financially supporting ministers evolve as the concept of ministry moved from missionary itinerants to local elders, deacons, and bishops?
And a related question: Since early Christianity probably continued the worship forms of Palestinian and diaspora synagogues and since early Christian house churches were no doubt patterned after synagogue organization, what role did the Jewish synagogue pattern of charitable giving and ministerial support play in defining Christian attitude toward these issues?
I would agree that Christian freewill giving owes much to Judaism’s concept of alms-giving, and indeed, Jesus’ teaching about alms-giving must surely have been embraced by later Christians as an appropriate framework. At the same time, it should be remembered that the tithing laws of the Torah were not exclusively aimed at the support of the clergy (even though to hear some preachers, one might suppose that they were). Rather, tithes themselves were also for the support of the disadvantaged and powerless, particularly in their Deuteronomic formulations. There seems to have been a three-year tithing cycle. The tithes of the first two years were to be gathered and taken to the central shrine for an annual celebration of God's bountiful blessings (Dt. 12:5 19; 14:22 27). The families of Israel were to feast before Yahweh while generously inviting aliens, orphans, widows and Levites to share their bounty. The third year's tithes were donated for the support of the clergy who had no land inheritance and who, therefore, could not cultivate crops or keep herds as a source of income (Lv. 27:26 34; Dt. 14:28 29; Nu. 18:21, 24 32). Hence, tithing in the Torah was both for reasons of charity as well as support of a professional ministry.
DeleteIn the Christian era, Paul would solicit funds from the churches in Macedonia, Achaia and Galatia for the impoverished Christians in Palestine. In the collection of these relief offerings, some very wise principles were employed to administrate the gifts of the generous Christians in Asia Minor and Greece. In the first place, Paul allowed members of the assembly to oversee the collection and distribution of the money. (This principle, in a modern sense, calls for an open review of Christian finances with all who contribute.) Second, offerings were voluntary, not obligatory, though generosity was certainly encouraged. Paul called this kind of generosity the "grace of giving." Third, the motivation for such giving was a response to the selfless gift of Christ and the desire for equality among God's people. Any gifts which were made were to be evaluated according to the giver's ability to give. Finally, the administration of the gift was conducted in a highly ethical and sensitive manner, for as Paul says, "We want to avoid any criticism of the way we administer this liberal gift. For we are taking pains to do what is right, not only in the eyes of the Lord but also in the eyes of men".
Still, when it came to his personal support, Paul refused to take offerings from people while he was ministering to them, though he accepted gifts from churches when he was not ministering among them. This could hardly be called a “standard” for the support of Christian workers, and Paul seems to think that his personal policy did not extend to others, as indicated by his statement, “Don’t we have the right…as do the other apostles and the Lord’s brothers and Cephas…or is it only I and Barnabas who must work for a living?” My guess is that the support of the clergy (along with concern for the poor) was generally practiced among the early Christians, but obviously, as in the case of Paul, it was not in some sort of inflexible form that could not be altered. I would suppose that support for synagogue-rulers may later have influenced Christian notions of support for pastors and elders, though this is unclear, and I know of no direct references one way or another. One thing is clear to me: the rigid rules of tithing that have been adopted by some individuals and organizations for the exclusive support of the clergy (and woe be to the parishioner who falls short) is not only absent in the early church, it directly cuts across the ethic of the early church.